From “Liber Veritatis” to “Liber Studiorum” (Part 1): Lorrain, Earlom, Turner, Cotman and Short

What are some of the traditional approaches to reproducing artworks?

Sometimes the art market is an unpleasant place resulting from art forgeries that not only disadvantage the original artists financially, but also undermine the integrity and the quality of their artistic practice. Certainly this was a problem for Claude Lorrain (1600–82) who suffered from widespread forgery of his paintings. To circumvent this crime, Lorrain created a compendium of drawings reproducing his paintings as a record for authentication purposes. This bound book of 195 drawings (now in the British Museum) was titled, Liber Veritatis (“Book of Truth”), by John Boydell when he published them as a suite of mezzotint prints transcribed from the drawings by Richard Earlom (1743–1822). Beyond creating an inventory of his paintings from 1635 (when he commenced work on the compendium) until he died, this archive also showcases the gradual evolution of Lorrain's manner of drawing. In the earlier post, Stylistic Consistency, for instance, I borrowed a phrase from a friend of mine who described the line work in Lorrain’s earlier etchings as looking like “shaggy goat hair,” as exemplified by The Herdsman and the Shepherdess, c.1630 (shown below). This early use of line gradually evolves to his later sensitivity in shaping each stroke to fit the context in which it is applied, as exemplified by Time, Apollo and the Seasons, 1662 (shown further below).

Claude Lorrain (1600–82)

The Herdsman and the Shepherdess [Le pâtre et la bergère], c.1630

Etching on wove paper

Third state (after removal of the number 45) (of lll)

Inscribed in reverse lower centre: “CLAVDIO GILLEE INV”

16.3 x 11.7 cm (sheet)

Russell 2; Blum 4; Mannocci 3; Robert-Dumesnil 25; Knab 116; Duplessis 25

Condition: very rich, well-inked impression, trimmed within the plate edge with traces of mounting at the corners (verso), otherwise in excellent condition.

I am selling this print for $210 AUD including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page if you are interested or click the “Buy Now” button below.

This print has been sold

Detail of Lorrain’s The Herdsman and the Shepherdess

Claude Lorrain (1600–82)

Time, Apollo and the Seasons [Le Temps, Apollon et les Saisons], 1662

Etching on thin wove paper

Seventh state (from McCreery’s 1816 edition of 200 Etchings taken from the original plates) (of Vll)

Inscribed below lower margin in two lines: “Apollo in atto di obedire al tempo. La Primavera a cominciare il ballo. Lestate non manca del suo calore. L’autunno colsuo licore / Seguita. Linverno tiene la sua staggione”; and, “Claudio Gillee inven. Fec. in Roma 1662 conlicenza de super.” (lower right).

19.4 x 25.7 cm (sheet)

Russell 50; Blum 39; Mannocci 43; Robert-Dumesnil 20; Knab 146; Duplessis 20

Condition: superb impression with no foxing or blemishes. The print has been trimmed at or within the plate edge as issued by McCreery in 1816. There is a 5mm (insect?) hole in the foliage of the trees on the upper right and sight wrinkling at the upper edge, otherwise in very good condition

I am selling this print for $310 AUD including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page if you are interested or click the “Buy Now” button below. 

Detail of Lorrain’s Time, Apollo and the Seasons

In the following discussion, spreading over three instalments, I will build upon the argument presented in the earlier post about Lorrain’s drawing style and address how he and artists following in his footsteps (in terms of creating paper museums about their art practice) used very different approaches for reproducing paintings and drawings.

Let me return back to Lorrain, as his approach to etching was undoubtedly in Richard Earlom’s mind when Earlom interpreted Lorrain’s drawings for reproduction in the Liber Veritatis.  In terms of the hallmarks of Lorrain’s approach to drawing and etching, these are showcased in the moody print, The Tempest with a Shipwreck, c.1638–41 (shown below). Here, the first critical attribute of Lorrain’s approach may be seen in the way he translates a scene of ocean turmoil, with foundering ships and struggling men, by reducing what is portrayed down to its essentials. In this print, the outcome of such a reductive process is a virtual silhouette view of three figures in the foreground with ocean battered ships further away that are semi-flattened to a shallow space along with the choppy waves supporting them.

The second important attribute in his approach is the contrast that he employs through juxtaposing a graphic treatment of key elements in a scene (i.e. the important features are portrayed in a stylised way) with mimetic treatment of the more generic elements in the scene (i.e. the non-essential components of the scene are portrayed realistically). In Lorrain’s representation of a storm in this print, for instance, the contrast is between the graphic treatment of men, ships and stormy sea juxtaposed with the mimetic treatment of a tower fortification in the near distance (see details further below). 

Claude Lorrain (1600–82)

The Tempest with a Shipwreck [Le Naufrage], c.1638-c.41

Etching on thin wove paper

Fifth state (from McCreery’s 1816 edition of 200 Etchings taken from the original plates) (of V)

12.5 x 17.8 cm (sheet)

Russell 44; Blum 12; Mannocci 35; Robert-Dumesnil 7; Knab 128; Duplessis 7

Condition: well-inked impression in excellent condition with no foxing or blemishes. The print has been trimmed within the plate edge and attached at the corners to the same support sheet as issued by McCreery in 1816.

I am selling this print for $210 AUD including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page if you are interested or click the “Buy Now” button below. 

This print has been sold

Detail of Lorrain’s The Tempest with a Shipwreck rendered as graphic space

Detail of Lorrain’s The Tempest with a Shipwreck rendered as pictorial space

As a point of comparison between Lorrain’s approach to etching and his manner of drawing, see Lorrain’s two drawings from the Liber Veritatis (shown below) that relate to his etching, The Tempest with a Shipwreck. What I find rewarding to contemplate is the evolution of the imagery, in terms of simplification, from the earlier of these drawings (dated 1628–39) to the later one (dated 1643). What is also interesting is that both drawings were executed after the print rather than being used as preliminary studies for it—this supposition is based on the fact that the earlier drawing and print are not mirror images of each other.

Claude Lorrain (1600–82)

A Storm off the Coast, 1638–39

Pen and brown ink and brown wash, heightened with white; on blue paper

19.6 x 26.4 cm

Roethlisberger 196; Liber Veritatis 33

British Museum

© Trustees of the British Museum

Claude Lorrain (1600–82)

A Storm off the Coast, 1643

Brush drawing in white bodycolour, and black chalk, on blue paper

19.6 x 26.4 cm

Roethlisberger 528; Liber Veritatis 72

British Museum

© Trustees of the British Museum

These hallmarks of Lorrain’s approach to etching—his reductive selection of subject matter to its essentials and his contrast of graphic and mimetic treatments—lies at the heart of what makes his prints so distinctly his own. To illustrate this point further, note how in the etching, Time, Apollo and the Seasons, Lorrain has simplified the portrayed landscape so that each rise and fall in the terrain is spatially flattened like scenery on stage-flats in a theatrical production. Note also how the stylised—almost schematic—treatment of the foreground figures contrasts with the pictorially realistic treatment of the architectural features and trees in the distance (see detail further below).

Detail of Lorrain’s Time, Apollo and the Seasons

Compare the graphic treatment of the figures to the pictorial treatment of distant trees

When a contemporary audience examines Lorrain’s approach to etching, there is a high probability that his way of creating images will not seem particularly novel. After all, most contemporary viewers are accustomed to seeing artworks that are pictorially and conceptually much more adventurous than Lorrain’s prints. In fact, his approach may even seem like a very natural way to draw and to compose images. Nevertheless, when contextualised with artists working in Lorrain’s time period the distinctiveness of his practice becomes apparent. Compare, for example, Lorrain’s The Tempest with a Shipwreck with Bonaventura Peeters’ [1614-52] depiction of a very similar storm scene in A Dismasted Ship in a Rough Sea (shown below).

Bonaventura Peeters (1614-52)

A Dismasted Ship in a Rough Sea, 1635

Oil on wood

40.6 x 71.1 cm

National Maritime Museum,

Greenwich, London, Ingram Collection

(http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Bonaventura_Peeters_-_A_Dismasted_Ship_in_a_Rough_Sea.jpg [viewed 17.2.2013])

With regard to Richard Earlom’s reproduction of Lorrain’s drawings, there is a conceptual gulf separating Lorrain and Earlom’s practices. Lorrain’s approach to reproducing his own paintings and drawings for the Liber Veritatis is well summed up by Sabine Conté’s (1971) term for it as being “a posteriori” (see Claude Lorrain: The Great Draughtsman, p. 66) in the sense that Lorrain’s approach is more about recording of his former ideas and designs than with creating fresh artworks. By contrast, I wish to propose that Earlom’s approach is more about reshaping Lorrain’s compositions to match Earlom’s own artistic disposition and sensitivities than creating authentic facsimiles of Lorrain’s drawings.

Arguably this difference in approach rests to a large extent with the medium Earlom chose to transcribe Lorrain’s drawings into print: mezzotint. No doubt from Earlom’s standpoint this remarkable medium gave him the facility to render gradations of tone with great subtlety as if he were laying watercolour washes (see a brief explanation of the mezzotint process in the earlier post, 18^th century Photoshop). Despite the degree of nuance that Earlom was able to command, his use of the mezzotint process to replicate Lorrain’s drawings falls short in matching the sparkling effect of looking into light that is the essence of Lorrain’s vision: the contre-jour effect (i.e. placing his subjects in front of the light source). Whereas Earlom reproduces Lorrain’s compositional arrangements of placing key features against the light, the mezzotint medium is not ideal for duplicating the glimmer of white paper shinning through the overlay of Lorrain’s pen lines. To illustrate this difference compare the degree of luminosity captured in Earlom’s No. 5. From the Original Drawing in the Collection of R.P. Knight Esq. (shown below and discussed in the earlier post Holly & Clover) with Lorrain’s drawing, Print Study, and related etching, The Tempest [La Tempête] (shown further below).

Richard Earlom (1743–1822) after

Claude Gellée known better as Claude Lorrain (1600–1682)

[Plate] No. 5. From the Original Drawing in the Collection of R.P. Knight Esq., c. 1775 from Liber Veritas published by John Boydell, 1807

Mezzotint on wove paper,

23.2 x 31.5 (plate); 30 x 42.8 cm (sheet)

Condition: faint spotting on verso and a 0.5cm tear on left margin well away from the image otherwise in excellent condition with no blemishes.

I am selling this print for $95 AUD including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page if you have any queries or click the “Buy Now” button below.

No. 5. From the Original Drawing in the Collection of R.P. Knight Esq.

Claude Lorrain (1600–82)

The Tempest [La Tempête], 1630

Etching on wove paper

Seventh state (from Schulze’s 1816 edition of 200 Etchings taken from the original plates) (of Vll)

12.2 x 17.8 cm (sheet)

Russell 4; Blum 1; Mannocci 6; Robert-Dumesnil 5; Knab 112; Duplessis 5

Condition: well-inked impression in excellent condition with no foxing or blemishes. The print has been trimmed within the plate edge and attached at the corners to the same support sheet as issued by Schulze in 1816.

I am selling this print for $220 AUD including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page if you are interested or click the “Buy Now” button below.

This print has been sold

Detail of Lorrain’s The Tempest

Claude Lorrain (1600–82)

Print Study (drawing), 1630

Brush drawing in brown ink, heightened with white, over red chalk; on cream paper

12.9 x 17.9 cm

Roethlisberger 46; Hind 192

British Museum

© Trustees of the British Museum

In the next post I will extend this discussion to address how artists following Lorrain’s Liber Veritatis evolved fresh ways of creating paper museums of their artistic practice.

Holly & Clover: Earlom & Lorrain

What is a simple way of making a river look shallow or deep?

Before I begin to propose a solution to portraying the relative depth of water—or the depth to any spatial void for that matter—I need to address an important issue concerning the prints examined in the following discussion. When an original drawing is copied onto a printing plate for reproduction, as is the case with Richard Earlom’s mezzotint of Claude Lorrain’s drawing [plate] No. 5 (shown below), invariably some of the subtleties of the original drawing are lost in the translation from one medium into another. While this is probably unavoidable there is also the chance that the reproductive printmaker may make changes to “improve” the original image with slight adjustments. I mention these possibilities as the approach to portraying depth that I now wish to propose could be interpreted as a critique of Lorrain’s drawing when in fact the image I am examining is really the outcome of Earlom’s interpretation of Lorrain’s drawing.

Richard Earlom (1743–1822) after

Claude Gellée known better as Claude Lorrain (1600–1682)

[Plate] No. 5. From the Original Drawing in the Collection of R.P. Knight Esq., c. 1775 from Liber Veritas published by John Boydell, 1807

Mezzotint on wove paper,

23.2 x 31.5 (plate); 30 x 42.8 cm (sheet)

Condition: faint spotting on verso and a 0.5cm tear on left margin well away from the image otherwise in excellent condition with no blemishes.

I am selling this print for [deleted] including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page if you have any queries or click the “Buy Now” button below.

[Deleted] 

One way to represent depth of water is to employ a very simple illusion involving the shape of the body of water. When representing shallow water, artists use outward bulging curves like those of a clover leaf to depict the water’s edge (see clover shape below). When representing deep water, they use inward arcing curves like those of a holly leaf to depict the water’s edge (see holly shape below). This focus on the shape of the body of water involves what perception theorists describe as a “figure and ground” illusion. For theorists, the water is perceived as the “figure” when it is perceived to be on top of the surrounding rocks or earth by virtue of convex curves and as “ground” when it is perceived to be below the surrounding rocks or earth by virtue of concave curves.

(left) clover shape (right) holly shape

To illustrate this phenomenon I have made a schematic drawing of a waterfall with a pool of water at its base (see below). Compare how the perception of the water’s depth changes from shallow water when the pool is constructed with convex curves like those of a clover leaf as opposed to deep water when the pool is constructed with concave curves like those of a holly leaf.

(left) shallow water with clover shape (right) deep water with holly shape

In Earlom’s [plate] No. 5 this perceptual play of representing the water is “figure” (i.e. shallow) and “ground” (i.e. deep) is interesting to examine. If we look at the silhouette edge of the rock closest to the centre of the pool (see detail below), for instance, the water is scalloping its outline leaving the rock as a holly shape. From my viewpoint this is an awkward arrangement as, especially at the more distant aspects of this rock the water appears to be on top of the rock. Going further when the upper edge of the rock is isolated from its context the water could well be interpreted as overlapping the rock like the ocean tide coming over a shoreline (see detail further below).

Detail of No. 5.

Detail of No. 5.

Artists can overcome such a problem by “building” concave curves out of either straight lines or small convex sections. Interesting the same idea of only using straight lines or convex curves is also applicable to drawing people as our bodies are fundamentally bone, tendon and muscle with very few concave areas. To illustrate the difference of how the outline of the rock would appear if the curves were replaced with straight and convex lines see the digital alterations below.

(above) detail of No. 5 with concavities

(below) digitally altered detail of No. 5 without concavities

A good example of the use of a holly-shape configuration of rocks around water can be seen in another mezzotint by Earlom reproducing a different drawing by Lorrain, No. 43 (shown below). Here swirling water is depicted with very few concavities but this print has one other interesting feature with regard to water: it portrays a narrow body of water by the darkening the tone of the water into the more distant reaches of the stream. This is a fascinating visual device as large bodies of water, such as lakes and broad rivers, are portrayed as becoming lighter into the distance whereas the reverse is true for narrow bodies of water like streams and creeks. In the digitally modified images further below the tonal arrangement on the water has been reversed to illustrate this phenomenon.

Richard Earlom (1743–1822) after

Claude Gellée known better as Claude Lorrain (1600–1682)

[Plate] No. 43. From the Original Drawing in the Collection of R.P. Knight Esq., c. 1775

from Liber Veritas published by John Boydell, 1807

Mezzotint on wove paper,

20.7 x 26.3 (plate); 27.2 x 34 cm (sheet)

Condition: Excellent condition with no blemishes. Cut unevenly with 0.5 cm margin on left, 7.3 cm margin on right, 2.5 cm margin on top and 4 cm margin at bottom.

I am selling this print for $85 AUD including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page if you have any queries or click the “Buy Now” button below.

(right) [Plate] No. 43.

(left) digitally altered image showing reversal of tonal gradations on river