Gallery of prints for sale

Wednesday 27 March 2013

From “Liber Veritatis” to “Liber Studiorum” (Part 3): Turner & Cotman


What are some of the traditional approaches to reproducing artworks?



This is the final instalment in the three-part discussion addressing various reproductive approaches employed by artists starting with Claude Lorrain’s reproduction of his paintings in drawings for his Liber Veritatius [Book of Truth] and concluding with John Sell Cotman’s Liber Studiorum [Book of Studies]. In the last post I proposed some motivations driving Turner and his fellow collaborators in their choice of the printing mediums: mezzotint, aquatint, etched line and steel engraving. For this instalment, the aim is slightly different. Tuner and Cotman both produced their own versions of a Liber Studiorum but the essential purpose of each of these artists’ compendiums of prints is very different. Mindful of that there is a difference, my intention is to offer insights into their respective Liber by comparing their underpinning motivations, purposes and approaches to creating images.

For Cotman, the motivation driving him to create prints was, by comparison to Turner, quite simple: Cotman wished to record his observations and to engage in the sheer joy of creative invention with the drawing and printing process. In short, his vision of creating a Liber was not so much about a predetermined goal but more the by-product outcome of on-going consistent disciplined practice, as the National Gallery of Australia’s website for Cotman’s Liber makes clear: “The etchings were all done by the artist for his own pleasure between 1805 and 1814 and were not really intended for publication” (http://artsearch.nga.gov.au/Detail.cfm?IRN=190644 [viewed 15 March 2012]). Despite Cotman’s less than grand plan for his prints, in 1838 George Bohm published forty-eight of Cotman’s plates under the title of Liber Studiorum: A Series of Sketches and Studies. It is Bohm’s last published portfolio of Cotman’s graphic work and envisaged as an independent—“stand alone”—publication (see the full set of Cotman’s Liber Studiorum prints at the Tate Gallery’s website: http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks?gid=66050!&ws=acno&wv=list [viewed 15 March 2012]).


John Sell Cotman (1782–1842)
The Devil’s Bridge, Cardiganshire, c.1805-14
from Liber Studiorum: A Series of Sketches and Studies
Soft ground etching on cream wove paper with full margins as issued by Bohm
18.5 x 12.2 cm (image); 18.8 x 12.6 cm (plate); 46.9 x 32 cm (sheet)
Tate Gallery: T11496
Condition: a rare impression in very good condition.
I am selling this etching for $120 AUD including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. This is a large print and will be shipped rolled in a tube. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page if you are interested or click the “Buy Now” button below.

This print has been sold


The Devil’s Bridge, Cardiganshire (shown above) is a fine example of Cotman’s fascination with recording his observations of well-known English landmarks and, importantly, his creative reconstruction of them. Here, Cotman’s low viewpoint in looking up to the twin bridges (before the third iron bridge was added in 1901) gave him the opportunity to apply his creative eye in making visual connections between the arches of the bridge at the top of the image and the arching forms of a fallen tree (or perhaps exposed tree-roots?) at the bottom of the image (see details below). This connection is important. The echoed motif of the bridge’s arches and the many mini-arches of the tree helps the viewer’s eye to scan the image vertically and to sense unity in the composition by the framing effect—what I term as “bookending”—created by the arch motif. Equally important, the link between the two sets of arches draws attention to the deep ravine below the bridge. Consider, for instance, how the silhouette shape of the foreground tree-form that ends in a flurry of small arches towards the ravine edge may be interpreted subliminally as an analogue (i.e. a visual equivalent) for the sound and movement of the flowing water in the rapids far below. Note also how this expression sound and movement of a hidden realm in the ravine is sustained by the arrangement of lines portraying foliage and rock in that virtually all the lines are angled to the chasm’s hidden depth.

Detail of Cotman’s The Devil’s Bridge, Cardiganshire
Detail of Cotman’s The Devil’s Bridge, Cardiganshire

Of course, not all viewers will see this orchestration of visual devices—the echoed motif of the arches and the converging lines rendering the scene—in the same way that I have described. Nevertheless, my intention is not to presumptuously explain how Cotman perceived the bridge and its surroundings. Rather, my goal is to give an insight into the sort of thoughts and creative play that occur to artists when framing their ideas into an image. Moreover, I wish to explain how Cotman’s approach to making images was far more of a spirited engagement than a clinically objective topographical rendering of the same scene.

Perhaps even more revealing in terms demonstrating Cotman’s pleasure in transfiguring a scene to suit his personal proclivities is his View of Clifton (shown below). What I find curious about this print is Cotman’s choice to add a figure dressed anachronistically in classical attire—a toga? (see detail further below)—in the near foreground while in the far distance Cotman portrays a modern township with multi-storey buildings.

John Sell Cotman (1782–1842)
View of Clifton, c.1805-14
from Liber Studiorum: A Series of Sketches and Studies
Soft ground etching on wove paper
19.7 x 17.3 cm (image); 20.2 x 17.5 cm (plate); 34.5 x 25 cm (sheet)
Tate Gallery: T11488
Condition: strong impression in good condition. The paper shows minimal age toning. There is a 1 cm closed tear on the left side (2 cm from the plate mark) and minor chipping of the lower right corner.
I am selling this etching for $120 AUD including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page if you are interested or click the “Buy Now” button below.


This print has been sold


Also showcased in this print is Cotman’s propensity to look at a scene through a man’s eye. By this curious comment I am referring to the outlook of the generic man—the primordial hunter—whose field of vision is clear and fully focused at the centre while vision around the peripheral rim is focally blurred. From the author’s personal experience, as a man suffering from a primordial hunter’s vision, I can speak with great authority that a tasty morsel of chocolate is easy to find in a cluttered refrigerator when it is in the centre of the fridge; the same chocolate is difficult to fine if it is placed in the trays above, below or to the sides. In Cotman’s presentation of this propensity, the centre of the image is portrayed using fine wiry lines connoting focal clarity matching where Cotman’s eye was focused while the peripheral rim of the image is portrayed using thicker lines connoting blurred vision where his attention was not drawn (see details below).

Detail of Cotman’s View of Clifton
Detail of Cotman’s View of Clifton

When comparing Cotman’s vision with that of Turner’s, in terms of capturing a man’s perception, theoretically they should be the same. After all they are both men and this also applies to the printmakers that Turner commissioned to assist him. From my standpoint, however, there is a notable difference when looking broadly at both artists’ prints. Cotman’s vision is about portraying what he sees with only minor creative reconstruction of observable detail. By contrast, Turner’s vision is about creating meta-narratives involving substantial modifications of what he observes to fit with a grander view of landscape; for instance, Turner leans towards showing mood and natural forces in landscape. (My apologies to readers who do not like sweeping generalisations and I admit there are exceptions to my proposed theory in both artists’ Libers.)

Cotman’s leaning to personal satisfaction—key components of his motivation and purpose—when creating his prints is far removed from Turner’s ambition summed up by Renee Free (1993): “… to show his contemporaries and posterity his concept of landscape composition” (Liber studiorum: etchings and mezzotints of types of landscape: J. M. W. Turner: from the collection of the Art Gallery of New South Wales, p. 1). To achieve this goal, Turner structured his Liber with six categories of landscape—Historical landscape (8 plates); Marine landscape (11 plates); Mountainous landscape (12 plates); Architectural landscape (11 plates); Elevated Pastoral landscape (14 plates); Pastoral landscape (14 plates)—with the prints in each of these categories designed as exemplars of compositions demonstrating what Free (1993) describes as “the possibilities” (ibid.) within each the category.

By contrast with the categorisation of landscape addressed by Turner, Cotman’s interests did not extend to pedagogical pursuits. Nevertheless, Cotman did engage with a personal pursuit of finding congruence between his approach to watercolour and his approach to printmaking. For instance, Cotman’s approach to watercolour is summarised well by Richard T Godfrey (1978) in Printmaking in Britain, in that Cotman’s watercolours are “constructed by the harmonious disposition of blocks of cool tone, washed on smoothly in flat areas to create beautiful patterns of interlocking shapes” (p. 94). In finding congruence with printmaking, Godfrey then proposes that Cotman’s “tones of wash drawing were translated into a restless surface of wiry, scratched line, delighting in varied details of textures” (ibid.).

Regarding Cotman’s approach by using such “wiry” etched lines, a superb example of this attribute is A Study (shown below). Although diminutive in size, this print projects a grand scale through its bold—almost posterised—tonal treatment and latent energy expressed by Cotman’s “restless surface” treatment of observed textures.


John Sell Cotman (1782–1842)
A Study, c.1805-14
from Liber Studiorum: A Series of Sketches and Studies
etching on cream wove paper with full margins as issued by Bohm
10.4 x 7.7 cm (image); 11 x 8.1 cm (plate); 47 x 32 cm (sheet)
Tate Gallery: T11502
Condition: a rare impression in good condition. There is a 1.2 cm closed tear at the top of the sheet (17 cm from plate mark) and very pale scattered foxing towards the edges of the sheet.
I am selling this etching for $130 AUD including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. This is a large print and will be shipped rolled in a tube. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page if you are interested or click the “Buy Now” button below.




Detail of Cotman’s A Study

By comparison to Turner’s fascination with the landscape tradition extending back to Claude Lorrain, Cotman is seen by Michael Pidgley (1982) in John Sell Cotman 1782–1842 (ed. Miklos Rajnai) as an artist who “looks forward” (p. 18), in the sense that Cotmant sought to extend his art practice with a fresh outlook. This broad categorisation, however, does not mean that Cotman was not guided by past traditions, as Pidgley (1982) advises:

… he also, evocatively looks back. Derived as it is from a topographical tradition, much of that looking back involves a late eighteenth-century taste for the picturesque. (ibid.)

Indeed, even a brief overview of Cotman’s oeuvre shows his disposition for framing compositions with what Adele Holcomb describes as his “poetry of entrances” (ibid.). For example, in Conway Castle (shown below) the viewer is invited to look through an entrance of stone arches spanning the castle’s derelict great hall. For me, the “poetry” of this entrance is partly to do with the suggestion of hidden mystery beyond the hall’s trefoil window at the farthest end of the hall. Also adding a note of poetic symbolism to the arched entrance is the notion of vanitas (i.e. the symbolism that all things will pass/change) posed by the skeleton-like arches and the black and white goats standing confidently as if the ruin were their home. This everyday glimpse into the castle laced with a light hint of implied meanings is in stark contrast with Turner’s forbidding images of the same castle; for example Turner’s Conway Castle, c. 1789 see (http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/turner-conway-castle-tw0308 [viewed 25 March 2013]) and similar romantic images such as Samuel Prouts’ moody watercolour (see further below) composed from a similar angle of view as Cotman’s viewpoint. 


John Sell Cotman (1782–1842)
Conway Castle, c.1805-14
from Liber Studiorum: A Series of Sketches and Studies
Soft ground etching on cream wove paper
18 x 12.3 cm (image); 18.8 x 12.7 cm (plate); 34.5 x 24.6 cm (sheet)
Tate Gallery: T11519
Condition: strong impression in very good condition. The paper shows minimal age toning. There is a small (6 mm) closed tear on the bottom right side (7.7 cm from the plate mark).
I am selling this etching for $120 AUD including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page if you are interested or click the “Buy Now” button below.




Detail of Cotman’s Conway Castle
© The Trustees of the British Museum
Samuel Prout (1783-1852)
(Inscribed on verso)  The Great Hall, Conway Castle / By Moonlight, 1810 (?)
Watercolour and bodycolour with gum, graphite and scratching out
42.5 x 30.5 cm
The British Museum: AN949041001
The British Museum curator’s description: “Here in Prout's watercolour,
a shaft of moonlight picks out the east window of the hall and falls on 
a block of stone as if it were an altar and heralds the tones and atmosphere 
found in Caspar David Friedrich's depictions of ruins.“

Cotman’s approach of framing many of his images with the “poetry of entrances” sometimes goes further than a nominal suggestion of an entrance. For example, in the earlier prints before those of the Liber, Interior View of St Mary's Chapel at Stourbridge near Cambridge, A Doorway South Side Shingham Church Norfolk, Interior of South-Runcton Church and Norman Castle, Rising Castle (all shown below), the visual device of portraying a doorway entrance is the pivotal feature of these images. Beyond this visual device is another hallmark of Cotman’s approach to illustrative reproduction: mimetic rendering of textured surfaces as can be seen in the details of the prints shown below.


John Sell Cotman (1782–1842)
Interior View of St Mary's Chapel at Stourbridge near Cambridge, 1818
Etching on wove paper
Inscribed below the image: “INTERIOR VIEW OF ST MARY'S CHAPEL AT STOURBRIDGE NEAR CAMBRIDGE.” / “Drawn, Etched & Published by J.S.Cotman 1818
26.9 x 21.8 cm (image); 30 x 22.5 cm (plate); 32.8 x 25.5 cm (sheet)
Condition: very strong impression in virtually pristine condition. The paper shows minimal age toning.
I am selling this etching with the three other prints shown below—A Doorway South Side Shingham Church Norfolk, Interior of South-Runcton Church and Norman Castle, Rising Castle (i.e. four prints) for $300 AUD including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. The four prints will be shipped rolled in a tube. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page if you are interested or click the “Buy Now” button below


These four prints have been sold
Detail of Cotman’s Interior View of St Mary's Chapel at Stourbridge near Cambridge
Detail of Cotman’s Interior View of St Mary's Chapel at Stourbridge near Cambridge

John Sell Cotman (1782–1842)
A Doorway South Side Shingham Church Norfolk, 1811
from Architectural Antiquities of Norfolk
Etching on wove paper
Inscribed above the image (upper right): “XLI”
Inscribed below the image: “A DOORWAY SOUTH SIDE SHINGHAM CHURCH NORFOLK, 1811” / “Drawn, Etched & Published by J.S.Cotman 1817
25 x 18.9 cm (image); 30.2 x 20.1 cm (plate); 49 x 32 cm (sheet)
Condition: very strong impression in very good condition. The sheet shows a bump to the upper left corner (well away from the plate marks). There is slight age toning at the right edge and two faint foxing marks.
I am selling this etching with the print shown above—Interior View of St Mary's Chapel at Stourbridge near Cambridge—and the two prints shown below—Interior of South-Runcton Church and Norman Castle, Rising Castle—(i.e. four prints) for $300 AUD including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. The four prints will be shipped rolled in a tube. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page if you are interested or click the “Buy Now” button below the print, Interior View of St Mary's Chapel at Stourbridge near Cambridge.
Detail of Cotman’s A Doorway South Side Shingham Church Norfolk
Detail of Cotman’s A Doorway South Side Shingham Church Norfolk

John Sell Cotman (1782–1842)
Interior of South-Runcton Church, 1812
from Architectural Antiquities of Norfolk
Etching on wove paper
Inscribed below the image (lower left): “Pub as the act directs April 1 1812” [there may be errors in my reading of this text line as the script is not clear]
Inscribed below the image (lower right): “XXL”
Inscribed below the image (centre): “INTERIOR OR [sic] SOUTN [sic]-RUNCTON CHURCH / To the Rev.d Robert Forby MA / This Plate is most Respectfully Dedicated by his Obedt. [text difficult to decipher but may be “Obt. St.” for obedient servant] J.S.Cotman”
28.2 x 21.8 cm (image); 30.3 x 22.6cm (plate); 49 x 32.8 cm (sheet)
Condition: very strong impression in excellent condition within the plate area and 2 cm on all sides surrounding the plate area. In the margins there are closed tears (none extending closer than 2.2 cm from the plate mark), bumps and light staining extending 2 cm from the top edge of the sheet. The sheet shows a bump to the upper left corner (well away from the plate marks).
I am selling this etching with the two prints shown above—Interior View of St Mary's Chapel at Stourbridge near Cambridge and A Doorway South Side Shingham Church Norfolk—and print shown below—Norman Castle, Rising Castle —(i.e. four prints) for $300 AUD including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. The four prints will be shipped rolled in a tube. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page if you are interested or click the “Buy Now” button below the print, Interior View of St Mary's Chapel at Stourbridge near Cambridge.
Detail of Cotman’s Interior of South-Runcton Church
John Sell Cotman (1782–1842)
Norman Castle, Castle Rising, 1812
Etching on wove paper
Inscribed within the plate image (lower left): “Castle Rising. Castle” / … [I cannot decipher the word in the text line but I presume it is “Norwich”] Etched & Published by J. S. Cotman / January 1812
Inscribed below the image (lower right): “XLVI”
29.6 x 20.8 cm (image); 35 x 21.4 cm (plate); 49 x 31.8 cm (sheet)
Condition: very strong impression in very good condition. In the margins there are closed tears (none extending closer than 4 cm from the plate mark), a chipped corner (upper left) and age toning to the far extremities of the sheet.
I am selling this etching with the three prints shown above—Interior View of St Mary's Chapel at Stourbridge near Cambridge, A Doorway South Side Shingham Church Norfolk and Interior of South-Runcton Church (i.e. four prints) for $300 AUD including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. The four prints will be shipped rolled in a tube. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page if you are interested or click the “Buy Now” button below the print, Interior View of St Mary's Chapel at Stourbridge near Cambridge.
Detail of Cotman’s Norman Castle, Castle Rising
Detail of Cotman’s Norman Castle, Castle Rising

As a final point of separation in the approaches of both Cotman and Turner in executing their Liber prints, I wish to draw attention to how both artists portray textures. In Cotman’s Liber prints the use of soft-ground etching replicates in a direct way the crumbly aspect of his pencil rendered textures (see detail below) as this is an intrinsic attribute of the soft-ground process of etching. By contrast, Turner’s approach to representing textures relies on delicately manipulation of the mezzotint prepared plate so that by scraping and burnishing he can emulate subtle changes of texture in his chosen subject.

In Cotman’s soft-ground etching from his Liber prints, Capel-Carrig, Caernarvonshire (shown below), this unique quality of the soft-ground process is revealed very clearly and to my eyes the type of marks that the process creates makes his images tactilely appealing.

John Sell Cotman (1782–1842)
Capel-Carrig, Caernarvonshire, c.1805-14
from Liber Studiorum: A Series of Sketches and Studies
Soft ground etching on cream wove paper
12.3 x 18.2 cm (image); 12.8 x 18.7 cm (plate); 24.9 x 34.5 cm (sheet)
Tate Gallery: T11528
Condition: a rich impression in good condition. There is scattered grey spotting in the margins (these may be the result of conservation eradicating foxing but the print does not appear to be bleached as the sheet has light age toning). There is a closed tear (1 cm) lower left edge (6.5 cm from the plate mark).
I am selling this etching for $120 AUD including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page if you are interested or click the “Buy Now” button below.




Detail of Cotman’s Capel-Carrig, Caernarvonshire
Detail of Cotman’s Capel-Carrig, Caernarvonshire

Sunday 10 March 2013

From “Liber Veritatis” to “Liber Studiorum” (Part 2): Turner, Short & Cotman


What are some of the traditional approaches to reproducing artworks?


In the last post the discussion addresses the difference between Claude Lorrain’s reproduction of his paintings in drawings for his Liber Veritatius [Book of Truth] and Richard Earlom’s reproduction of the same drawings in mezzotint for the published version of the Liber Veritatius. In summary, I proposed that Lorrain’s build up of overlaid lines reproducing his paintings’ tones creates a sparkling effect resulting from white paper peeping through the matrix of black lines. Moreover, this sparkling effect achieved by line is well suited to Lorrain’s interest in portraying contre-jour lighting—placement of the featured subject in front of the sun. By contrast, I proposed that Richard Earlom’s choice of the medium of mezzotint fails to capture this sparkling effect even though his choice of medium is effective in reproducing subtle nuance of tonal changes observed in Lorrain’s drawings.

For the present discussion (Part 2 of the three instalments) I wish to move the focus onto Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775–1851) and the reproduction of his oil paintings, sketches and watercolours published in the Liber Studiorum [Book of Studies]. Mindful that there is already a wealth of easily accessible information about Turner’s Liber Studiorum (see, for example, Alexander J Finberg’s [1988] J.M.W. Turner’s Liber Studiorum with a Catalogue Raisonné), I will lean the following discussion towards some of the key considerations underpinning his approach to reproducing artworks and the advice that he gave the printmakers he commissioned to translate his compositions into prints.

In terms of Turner’s early approach to reproducing his artwork for the Liber Studiorumm, his sixth print, Jason (shown below), is a fine example. It exemplifies Turner’s willingness to extend his translation of the original painting, drawing and watercolour (see http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/turner-jason-n00471; http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/turner-study-for-the-figure-of-jason-d04908; http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/turner-jason-d08106) so that the print is not a literal copy of the original artworks but rather it is an artwork in its own right.

Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775–1851)
(engraver) Charles Turner (1774–1857)
Jason, 1807 from the Liber Studiorum, published in London
Mezzotint and etching on laid paper
18.3 x 25.9cm (image); 20.7 x 29cm (plate); 21.4 x 29.4cm (sheet)
Inscribed above the image: "H" (centre)
Inscribed below the image: "Drawn & Etched by J.M.W. Turner R. A." (left); "Engraved by C. Turner" (right); “JASON” (upper centre); "Published as the Act directs by J.M.W. Turner Harley Street" (lower centre)
State ll (of V)
Tate Gallery description: “On the right, Jason climbs over broken tree-trunks in the foreground towards a cavern in the rock in which a coil of a serpent is seen emerging.”
Finberg 6; Rawlinson 6; Whitman 868
Condition: a rare, very rich and well-inked impression. The sheet is trimmed close to the plate edge with remnants of mounting tape at the corners (verso). There is a previous collector’s signature mark in ink on lower right corner (recto) and two ink stamps and the same collector’s signature mark in ink (verso). The image is in very good condition, but the margins within the plate marks have several spots, thin patches and nibbles.
I am selling this print for [deleted] including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page 


Detail of JMW Turner’s Jason
At this initial stage in his approach to reproductive prints, Turner’s use of etched line (as can be seen in the detail above) shares a similar freedom of expressive gesture, in the sense that the line-work is relaxed and spontaneous, as his hand-drawn lines in the original studies. Turner’s later prints, however, reveal that this former freedom is replaced with more calculated approach as Finberg (1988) comments regarding Turner’s treatment of his etched lines:
In them Turner has dropped . . . the dainty virtuosity of his early pencil outlines (1795–1797), and the joyous swagger of his Scottish and Swiss sketches of 1801 and 1802. His line is now sedate, governed by the intellect rather than the emotions. (p. liii)
Finberg’s insight can be easily verified by comparing Turner’s relatively free use of line as seen in Jason with his formal and controlled use of line the latter print, Raglan Castle (Finberg 58: Berry Pomeroy Castle) (see below two states of each print from the British Museum).

Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775–1851)
(upper left) Jason, 1807
© The Trustees of the British Museum AN119606001
(lower left) Jason, 1807
© The Trustees of the British Museum AN85218001
(upper right) Raglan Castle, 1816
© The Trustees of the British Museum AN88723001
(lower right) Raglan Castle, 1816
© The Trustees of the British Museum AN88719001
Beyond Turner's shift to a more formal use of line, described by Finberg as “free from affectation or self-consciousness” (ibid.), there is also an evolution in the surface attributes of Turner’s prints—their facture. This subtle, but important, change in the surface treatment arises from the manner in which Turner etched his plates (mindful that Turner’s contribution to the creation of his prints was often no more than the initial etching phase). In the earlier prints, he etched his lines very deeply resulting in highly embossed and comparatively thick lines (see a photograph of the recto and verso surface of Jason below). By comparison, his later prints were etched with more discipline—no doubt tuned from experience—resulting in less embossed lines. 

(above) verso detail of Jason showing indented etched lines
(below) recto detail of Jason showing embossed etched lines 
Regarding the deeply etched lines of Turner’s early approach, PG Hamerton in his famous Etching & Etchers proposes that Turner’s execution of Jason is “coarse” (1876, p. 270). In terms of the effectiveness of Turner’s line-work to express meaning, however, this assignation of coarseness is not meant to be derogatory but rather uncompromisingly forceful; as Hamerton goes on to explain:
The few rude strokes by which this dragon [a featured subject in the print] is made to live and writhe, are … incomparably superior to the most careful imitation of scales which laborious dulness [sic] could achieve with a month’s toil … (1876, p. 271)

With regard to the mezzotint shading that was usually applied by printmakers commissioned for this task (e.g. Charles Turner who engraved Jason), JMW Turner’s approach to this medium also evolved from the initial prints in the Liber Studiorum to the later ones. In the earlier prints Turner recognised that the mezzotint process was not entirely satisfactory for rendering skies; the medium produced too heavy a tone to match Turner’s notion of a luminous sky. As a solution to this dilemma Turner chose aquatint for portraying many of the sky areas of his later prints as the aquatint process could produce more delicate and lighter effects than is the case with mezzotint. Moreover an aquatint is also more durable in terms of the longevity of the created image on the printing plate than a comparatively fragile mezzotint image on the plate. Sadly, the combination of aquatint skies and mezzotint rendering of the earth beneath does not always lead to a cohesive outcome (i.e. a “happy marriage”). This is because the two treatments when printed with the same colour of ink often “look as though they have been printed with different coloured inks” (Finberg, 1988, p. Ixix).

Ultimately, this need to find the perfect tonal relationships was resolved with the technical upheaval in the printing industry arising from a shift in interest from copper plate printing processes to steel in 1823. The use of steel gave artists greater scope when reproducing tones than previously, as Finberg (1988) notes: “It enabled them to lighten the key in which they worked, and to model the lights with greater subtlety and delicacy” (p. IXXXV).

Arguably this new found lyrical development in the art of mezzotint arising with use of steel plate may have been the catalyst (in the sense of the final “nail in the coffin”) that laid to rest Turner’s former enthusiasm for his Liber Studiorum prints. In short, one might suggest—but not this author—that the mediums employed for his prints were simply not good enough to mirror his artistic vision, in terms of capturing nuance of light of his original artworks, to compare what the new age had brought to the reproductive process. To illustrate the sensitivity that steel plates offered artists, compare the subtlety of the skies in the steel reproductive engravings of Turner’s paintings shown below. Be mindful, however, that these prints are not a part of the Liber Studorium and were executed in the late 1800s.

John Cousen (1804-80)
Peace—Burial of Wilkie after JMW Turner
Steel engraving on heavy wove paper
32 x 23.5cm (sheet); 19.5 x 19.5cm (octagonal image)
Inscribed below the image: “J.M.W. TURNER. R.A. PINXT.” (left); “J. COUSEN. SCULPT.” (right); “PEACE_BURIAL OF WILKIE” / “FROM THE PICTURE IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY” / “LONDON. JAMES S. VIRTUE” (centre)
Condition: pristine condition. I am selling this print along with the three steel engravings below (4 prints in total) for [deleted] including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page 

Detail of Cousen’s Peace—Burial of Wilkie after JMW Turner
Detail of Cousen’s Peace—Burial of Wilkie after JMW Turner
Detail of Cousen’s Peace—Burial of Wilkie after JMW Turner
John Cousen (1804-80)
Hannibal Crossing the Alps after JMW Turner
Steel engraving on heavy wove paper
23.8 x 31.5cm (sheet); 15.5 x 24.7cm (image)
Inscribed below the image: “J.M.W. TURNER. R.A. PINXT.” (left); “J. COUSEN. SCULPT.” (right); “HANNIBAL CROSSING THE ALPS.” / “FROM THE PICTURE IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY” / “LONDON. JAMES S. VIRTUE” (centre)
Condition: very good condition with slight wrinkling. I am selling this print along with the steel engraving above and the two below (4 prints in total) for [deleted] including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. 

Detail of Cousen’s Hannibal Crossing the Alps after JMW Turner
Robert Brandard (1805-62)
Snow-Storm after JMW Turner
Steel engraving on heavy wove paper
22.5 x 33.5cm (sheet); 19 x 25.2cm (image)
Inscribed below the image: “J.M.W. TURNER. R.A. PINXT.” (left); “R. BRANDARD. SCULPT.” (right); “SNOW-STORM.” (centre)

Condition: pristine condition but trimmed before the lower centre text lines. I am selling this print along with the two steel engravings above and the one below (4 prints in total) for [deleted] including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. 

Detail of Brandard’s Snow-Storm after JMW Turner
William Miller (1796–1882)
The Shipwreck after JMW Turner
Steel engraving on heavy wove paper
22.3 x 30cm (sheet); 16.5 x 24.7cm (image)
Inscribed below the image: “J.M.W. TURNER. R.A. PINXT.” (left); “W. MILLER. SCULPT.” (right); “THE SHIPWRECK.” / “D. APPLETON & CO. NEW YORK.” (centre)
Condition: pristine condition. I am selling this print along with the three steel engravings above (4 prints in total) for [deleted] including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. 

Detail of Miller’s The Shipwreck after JMW Turner

One artist that chose to take a different route to steel plate engraving for reproducing Turner’s compositions is Francis Job Short (1857–1945)—better known as simply, Frank Short. Short saw value in Turner’s approach to reproductive prints and completed Turner’s abandoned Liber Studiorum with the so-called Little Liber using mezzotint and aquatint. Short also revisited Turner’s original compositions with fresh interpretations, such as his version of Berry Pomeroy Castle [Raglan Castle], Aesacus and Hesperie, Aesacus and Hesperie and Chain of Alps from Crenoble to Chamberi (shown below). To my eyes there is no better proof that the tradition of using mezzotint and aquatint explored by Turner can surpass the delicate plasticity of engraved steel plates than closely examining the richness and subtlety that Short was able to imbue his prints.

Frank Short (1857–1945)
Raglan Castle after JMW Turner's Berry Pomeroy Castle
Etching and mezzotint on heavy wove paper
19.4 x 27cm (image); 22.5 x 30cm (plate); 29.6 x 36cm (sheet)
Singed in pencil lower right
Inscribed below the image: “FRANK SHORT SCULP AFTER J.M.W. TURNER” (left); ”London, Published 1st. Augt. 1885, by Robt Dunthorne at The Rembrandt Head in Vigo Street.” (centre)
State ii (of ii)
Condition: crisp and richly inked impression in very good condition. There is a 7mm closed tear on the middle right margin edge and another 5mm tear on the middle bottom margin edge. Both tears are far away from the plate mark.
I am selling this print for [deleted] including postage and handling to anywhere in the world.

Detail of Short’s Raglan Castle after JMW Turner’s Berry Pomeroy Castle
Detail of Short’s Raglan Castle after JMW Turner’s Berry Pomeroy Castle

Frank Short (1857–1945)
Aesacus and Hesperie after JMW Turner
Etching and mezzotint on heavy wove paper
17.6 x 25.6cm (image); 21.1 x 28.8cm (plate); 30.8 x 43cm (sheet)
Signed in pencil lower right with dedication to Stopford A. Brooke. (Brooke was a friend of Short and is the author of Notes on the Liber Studiorum.) "Trial Proof" inscribed in pencil lower-left corner in the margin. 
Inscribed below the image: “F Short sculp after J.M.W. TURNER RA. 1895” (left);
Trial proof before the addition of title “Aesacus and Hesperie” and before the change to inscription from “F Short” to “Frank Short”
Condition: superb and richly inked impression. There is sun toning from the print having been once framed and tape residue verso. There are pin holes in the top and bottom corner margins—revealing the print’s former role as a trial proof—and the right corner pinhole has been torn with a minor bump in the paper edge at this corner as well. Beyond these minor handling issues the print is in good condition with no foxing or stains.
I am selling this print for [deleted] including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. 

Detail of Short’s Aesacus and Hesperie after JMW Turner
Frank Short (1857–1945)
Apuleia in Search of Apuleius after JMW Turner
Etching and mezzotint on heavy wove paper
18.3 x 26.7cm (image); 21 x 29cm (plate); 28.5 x 36.4cm (sheet)
Singed in pencil lower right and pencil inscription in lower left corner margin (I am unable to decipher the text apart from “2 July 1937”)
Proof before the addition of text
Condition: very richly inked impression. There is scattered foxing on the front of the sheet but mostly visible within the margins.
I am selling this print for [deleted] including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. 

Detail of Short’s Apuleia in Search of Apuleius after JMW Turner
Frank Short (1857–1945)
Chain of Alps from Grenoble to Chamberi after JMW Turner
etching on wove paper
17.7 x 25.8cm (image); 21.5 x 29cm (plate); 24.3 x 31.8cm (sheet)
Signed with engraver’s monogram on shield.
Inscribed below the image: “FRANK SHORT SCULP AFTER J.M.W. TURNER” (right)
Proof before the mezzotint first state (see Finberg, 1988, p. 196)
Condition: well-inked impression in good condition. There are two very faint vertical marks (possibly from uneven light falling on the print during storage)
I am selling this print for [deleted] including postage and handling to anywhere in the world.

Chain of Alps from Grenoble to Chamberi after JMW Turner

In the next and final instalment in this three-part discussion about reproductive print processes I will address John Sell Cotman’s (1782–1842) approach to a very different type of Liber Studiorum.