Jules Jacquemart's etching, “Ivoire et Céladons", 1872

Jules Jacquemart (aka Jules Ferdinand Jacquemart) (1837–1880)

“Ivoire et Céladons", 1872, printed by François Liénard (fl.c. 1860s–1880s), published in “Gazette des Beaux-Arts”, March 1872, in Paris.

Etching with plate tone on cream-coloured laid paper with watermark, backed with a support sheet.

Size: (sheet) 17.2 x 26.9 cm; (plate) 12.7 x 23 cm; (image borderline) 11.2 x 21.8 cm.

Signed on plate within the image borderline at lower right: "J. Jacquemard 1872".

Lettered on plate below the image borderline: (left) “Gazette des Beaux-Arts.”; (centre) “IVOIRE ET CELADONS"; (right) "F­_çois Liénard.Imp.Paris."

Published state. Although Gonse (1876) advises that there are “some trials” showing vice marks and “others without signature”, Gonse is not aware of any “intermediate state” for this print (see p. 80).

Gonse 337 (Louis Gonse 1876, 'L'Oeuvre de Jules Jacquemart', Paris, Gazette des Beaux-Arts, p. 80 (reproduced), cat. no. 337).

The British Museum offers the following description of this print:

“A pair of Chinese statuettes, both representing a seated man, and behind them an octagonal ivory panel decorated with carved birds and flowers; published in "La Gazette de Beaux-Arts", March 1872 Etching with surface tone”

(https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3535625&partId=1&searchText=ivoire+et+Celadons&page=1)

See also the description of this print at The Cleveland Museum of Art:

http://clevelandart.org/art/2003.406

Condition: richly inked faultless impression with 2.5 cm (approx.) margins in pristine condition (i.e. there are no tears, holes, folds, abrasions, stains, foxing or signs of use) laid upon an archival support sheet of millennium quality washi paper.

I am selling this marvellous etching described in the Gonse’s catalogue raisonné (1876) as “one of the most astonishing of his [Jacquemart’s] works for the richness of the tone the shimmer, in somehow fantastic, light” (p. 80), for the total cost of AU$243 (currently US$170.01/EUR152.35/GBP130.83 at the time of this listing) including postage and handling to anywhere in the world (but not, of course, any import duties/taxes imposed by some countries).

If you are interested in purchasing this portrayed mini drama where two Chinese figurines seem to “come to life”—and, according to Gonse, are “choked with laughter”—please contact me (oz_jim@printsandprinciples.com) and I will send you a PayPal invoice to make the payment easy.

This print has been sold

Charles Émile Jacque’s etching, “River landscape with a bridge and trees, in the background a mill”, 1846

Charles Émile Jacque (aka Charles Jacque) (1813–1894)

“River landscape with a bridge and trees, in the background a mill” (Rijksmuseum title) (Guiffrey [1866] titles this etching, “Paysage” [Landscape], in his catalogue raisonné), 1846, after a painting by Rembrandt van Rijn (1606–1669) (as inscribed on plate).

Etching with drypoint and roulette on chine collé on wove paper, trimmed with small margins and backed with a support sheet.

Size: (sheet) 23.2 x 25.7 cm; (plate) 17.3 x 22.4 cm; (image borderline) 12.3 x 18.8 cm.

Inscribed on plate below the image borderline: (centre) “gravé à l'eau-forte d'ap. le tableau  original de Rembrandt”; (right) “1846 – Ch. Jacque.”

State ii (of ii/iii) Note that the British Museum has two impressions of this print which are both described as “after state II”. I assume that this description of the state is because the text line referencing Rembrandt’s painting has been burnished/partly erased on the BM’s copies.

IFF after 1800 507 (Inventaire du Fonds Français: Bibliothèque Nationale, Département des Estampes, Paris, dl. 11, p. 126, cat.nr. 507); Guiffrey 1866 76 (J-J Guiffrey 1866, “L'Oeuvre de Charles Jacque: catalogue de ses eaux-fortes et pointes seches”, Paris, p. 58, cat.nr. 76).

The British Museum offers the following description of this print:

“Landscape with river in the foreground, a bridge on the far right, clump of trees on the left, and in the distance, bathed in light, a tower, a village and a windmill.”

(https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3500987&partId=1&searchText=Jacque+rembrandt&page=1)

See also the Rijksmuseum’s description:

http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.128591

Condition: richly inked and superbly printed early impression with trimmed small margins laid onto a support sheet of archival (millennium quality) washi paper. There is a closed tear at lower left corner of the margin; otherwise the sheet is in an excellent condition (i.e. there are no holes, creases, abrasions, stains or signs of foxing).

I am selling this darkly glowing etching executed by one of the leading luminaries of the Barbizon School capturing the dramatic magic of Rembrandt’s use of chiaroscuro lighting in “thick … and yet transparent” shadows—as Guiffrey [1866] points out in his insightful description of this print—for AU$188 (currently US$134.39/EUR118.28/GBP104.47 at the time of posting this print) including postage and handling to anywhere in the world (but not, of course, any import duties/taxes imposed by some countries).

If you are interested in purchasing very poetic and very beautiful etching, please contact me (oz_jim@printsandprinciples.com) and I will send you a PayPal invoice to make the payment easy.

This print has been sold

Adriaen van Ostade’s etching, “Slaughter of a Pig”, c1652

Adriaen van Ostade (aka Adriaen Jansz. van Ostade) (1610–1685)

“Slaughter of a Pig” TIB title (aka “Le Charcutier” Bartsch Title), c1652

Etching on 18^th century laid paper trimmed along the platemark and lined onto washi paper inlaid into archival wove paper.

Size: (re-margined sheet) 31.1 x 29.7 cm; (plate) 11.7 x 11.7 cm; (diameter of circular image borderline) 11.3 cm

Signed on plate at lower left within the circular image: “AV. ostade”

State vi (of viii) before the addition of the seven “short, horizontal strokes on the lower left of the pole on the left side of the composition”, signifying the seventh state, and the horizontal strokes covering the whole pole, signifying the eighth and final state (see Leonard J Slatkes et al., 1994, “Adriaen van Ostade: Etchings of Peasant Life in Holland’s Golden Age”, exh. cat., Georgia Museum of Art, p. 204; see also an example of the eight state at the British Museum, no. 1980,U.1680).

TIB 1.41-III (373) (Walter L Strauss & Leonard J Slatkes [eds.] 1978, “The Illustrated Bartsch: Netherlandish Artists”, vol.1, p. 352); Hollstein 41; Bartsch I.373.41; Godefroy 41; Boon-Verbeek 41; Davidsohn 41

The British Museum offers the following description of this print:

“The Pigkillers. Night scene with a group of peasants standing at centre, and watching a pig being slaughtered by a man who kneels on its flank, a woman holding a pan ready to receive the entrails; in a circle.” (http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3093835&partId=1&searchText=ostade+pig&page=1) 

Condition: well-inked, crisp and well-printed impression in excellent condition within the circular image borderline, but with significant abrasions and restored losses in the square margin area. The sheet has been laid upon a washi paper support sheet and re-margined with the washi paper support sheet having been laminated over a cradle of archival quality wove paper.

I am selling this crisp and luminous impression with strong tonal contrast for AU$360 (currently US$272.62/EUR231.49/GBP204.05 at the time of this listing) including postage and handling to anywhere in the world.

If you are interested in purchasing this graphically strong image, please contact me (oz_jim@printsandprinciples.com) and I will send you a PayPal invoice to make the payment easy.

This print has been sold

This image of a peasant family killing a pig in the evening may seem horribly gruesome and confronting to contemporary eyes—at least to my delicate eyes unaccustomed to seeing such a scene. Nevertheless, to early Netherlandish viewers acculturated to such an everyday rural activity, the slaughter may have been perceived not as a backyard bloodbath as I see it, but as a celebration of and/or anticipation of the annual holiday of Slachtmaand (the slaughtering month)—November. In fact, I understand from reading Leonard J Slatkes et al., 1994, “Adriaen van Ostade: Etchings of Peasant Life in Holland’s Golden Age”, exh. cat., Georgia Museum of Art (p. 205) that the subject was not simply a scene of slaughter by candlelight. Instead, it expresses the dual notions of prudentia (prudence) and vanitas (life’s brevity), as expressed by other printmakers who also depicted this scene, such as Rembrandt and Pieter Breugel the Elder.

Jacques Beltrand’s chiaroscuro woodcut after a bust by Rodin

Jacques Beltrand (aka Jacques Anthony Louis Beltrand) (1874–1977)

”Study of a sculpture after Rodin” (descriptive title only), early 1900s, proof state

Chiaroscuro woodcut, printed in two shades of brown on tissue paper laid onto a conservator’s support sheet hand-signed in ink by the artist

Size: (irregularly cut sheet) 17 x 12.5 cm

Lettered in the plate “J. Beltrand. / d’ap. RODIN”

Condition: excellent proof state impression on exceptionally fine tissue paper with minor abrasions and flattened folds, laid onto a support sheet

I am selling this small woodcut of great beauty for AU$226 (currently US$170.77/EUR161.75/GBP140.26 at the time of this listing) including postage and handling to anywhere in the world.

If you are interested in purchasing this proof state print that may be unique as I have been unable to find another copy on the market, please contact me (oz_jim@printsandprinciples.com) and I will send you a PayPal invoice to make the payment easy.

Very few prints catch the eye like this visually striking woodcut.

No doubt a great deal of its graphic strength rests with the subject portrayed: a sculpted bust of an antique figure kitted out with a Roman helmet by the legendary master, Auguste Rodin (1840 –1917). Beyond the subject, however, I am also struck by the feeling of grandeur—the feeling of a large-scale image—that this very small print projects.

In technical terms the expression of a grand scale is intimately connected to the chiaroscuro woodcut process employed (i.e. printing strong tonal contrasts using two different plates—light brown and dark brown—and the “white” of the paper). There is another more subtle device that I should mention: the length of the lines used. Finding the “right” line length is the secret to making an enormous mural seem to have human scale and, as shown here, making a small print seem to be as big as a mural. For those interested in the pseudo-science behind what constitutes a human scale of line in a composition (viz. lines that are an eighth of a composition’s longest length/aspect) see my earlier discussion: “Human Scale: Jacque & Legros” (17 June 2012) (http://www.printsandprinciples.com/2012/06/jacque-legros-human-scale.html) 

Charles Jacque's etching, “Buveurs”

Charles Jacque (aka Charles Émile Jacque) (1813–94)

“Buveurs” [Drinkers], 1853, printed by Auguste Delâtre (1822–1907) (Note that the date that I have ascribed to this print is based upon the year [1853] that the printer, Delâtre, resided at the address inscribedn the plate.)

Etching on chine-collé on thick wove paper

Size: (sheet) 15.2 x 14.1 cm; (plate) 9.2 x 9.5 cm

Inscribed in the plate (lower left) “1”; (lower centre) “Imp Aug Delâtre Rue de la Bucherie 6” with the artist’s signature (lower-right), 9.1 x 9.4 cm (plate); 15.1 x 14.2 cm (sheet)

Condition: richly inked and crisp impression with margins in pristine condition.

I am selling this darkly glowing print with strong theatrical lighting that would make even Caravaggio proud for $148 AUD (currently US$111.95/EUR101.45/GBP86.51 at the time of posting this print) including postage and handling to anywhere in the world.

If you are interested in purchasing this original Jacque etching referencing the old masters, please contact me (oz_jim@printsandprinciples.com) and I will send you a PayPal invoice to make the payment easy.

This print has been sold

At first glance, I suspect that many viewers see overtones of Caravaggio in this fine etching by Jacque—disregarding for the moment that Caravaggio never made an etching or print of any kind and, as there are no extant Caravaggio drawings, he may never have drawn at all! Certainly, I see a strong connection. What makes me see a link between this scene of three folk drinking and Caravaggio’s mature style of painting is all about the use of theatrical lighting which artists who like Italian terms call “chiaroscuro.”

After the initial spike of recognition about the similarities of lighting employed by these artists, closer examination shows that the lighting effect used by Jacque is not the same as that used by Caravaggio. Jacque’s approach to chiaroscuro lighting is about enclosing the scene with darkness as a contained field of view wherein the viewer is somewhat conceptually excluded, whereas Caravaggio’s approach is about expanding the field of view beyond the scene portrayed and perhaps even into the viewer’s space.

In short, unlike Jacque's theatrical arrangement of light and shade, Caravaggio’s use of chiaroscuro is to invite the viewer into the pictorial depths of his scenes by use of visual devices such as foreshortened arms and similar features that reach towards the viewer and lighting that creates pathways encouraging the view to feel a part of what is presented.

Shadows (Part 3): Lepere, de Roton, Green, Mercury & Brangwyn

What are some of the principles underpinning how artists portray shadows?

In the previous two posts (see Parts 1 and 2), the discussion addresses the fundamentals—the “nuts and bolts”—of portraying shadows. For this final part in the discussion about shadows, the focus is on the conventions underpinning artists’ use of dramatic lighting (in the sense of strong contrasts of light and dark associated with the theatre) technically termed “chiaroscuro.”

There are many subtle conventions associated with this term first coined by Roger de Piles in Débat sur le coloris (“Dialogue on Colours”) in the early 1670s, but for the following discussion I will concentrate on only two conventions that I find fascinating: the social implications of light and shade; and, the associations of an immediate past, present and future through use of light and shade.

Auguste-Louis Lepère (1848–1918)

After the Statue by A. Rodin [Eve], 1898

Published in The Studio, Vol. 14, No. 66, 1898

The Studio stamp in red and signed lower right in the plate

chiaroscuro woodcut in two blocks (black and olive-green) on wove paper

18 x 9.1 cm (image); 28.3 x 20 cm (sheet)

Regarding the social implications of light and shade, an artist’s use of chiaroscuro lighting in an image can help to project meanings that have deep resonance with our feelings of empathy for others. For instance, the raking light from the top-front-left portrayed in Lepère’s woodcut, After the Statue by A. Rodin (shown above and based on Auguste Rodin’s famous sculpture, Eve—see http://de-lusionsofgrandeur.org/Eve-1898 and http://de-lusionsofgrandeur.org/Eve [viewed 3.2.2013]) adds a note of emotional tenor to a viewer’s reading of the figure in the image. For me this emotional tenor is all about perceiving the portrayed sculpture as alive and in a state of furtive unease. This is due partly to the body-language of the sculpture's pose and to Lepère’s low viewpoint. But the critical component in projecting its life-spirit is the way that the extreme angle of lighting accentuates the ridges of muscle and bone on the figure’s back (see detail below). In short, Lepère’s very dramatic lighting invites the viewer to engage in subjective readings about very human concerns because the viewer's eye is focused on specific parts of the figure. By contrast, if the sculpture were illuminated by ambient or clinical lighting, as is often the case with scientific illustration, then the same implications may not arise.

Details of Lepère’s woodcut, After the Statue by A. Rodin

Compare, for instance, the subjectivity of readings arising with Lepère’s chiaroscuro woodcut with the comparative objectivity of readings arising from the illumination in G de Roton’s hyalograph—a hybrid process of cliché-verre (i.e. using a drawing on a glass plate as a photographic negative) involving transferring an image to a printing plate that is then etched like an aquatint—Mercury (shown below). 

G de Roton

Mercury (after the bronze sculpture by François Rude [1784–1855]), 1892

from Philip Gilbert Hamerton 1892, Man in Art, Macmillan, London

Hyalograph on cream wove paper

Inscribed in the plate lower-centre: “IMP. CHARDON-WITTMAN, PARIS.”

22.5 x 12.5 cm (image); 27 x 16.3 cm (plate); 30.7 x 22 cm (sheet)

Condition: excellent impression in pristine condition but with a few minor issues with the edges of the sheet. There is minor wrinkling an age toning to the edges along with small tears and a chipped bottom-left corner well away from the plate marks (see image of the sheet below).

I am selling this print along with its tissue guard for ...  including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page if you are interested or click the “Buy Now” button below.

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Detail of de Roton’s hyalograph, Mercury (after François Rude)

Use of chiaroscuro lighting may also be focused on giving social status to a subject and this is explained well and insightfully in John Barrell’s (1980), The Dark Side of the Landscape: The Rural Poor in English Painting 1730–1840, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. The important point that Barrell makes is that artists use light and shade as a way of editing what viewers should and should not see. Usually the patron obliges the artist to ensure that the key subject to be portrayed is fully visible, regardless of whether this be a house, horse, property or person. The censored elements are those details that are socially inconvenient, such as unhappy farm workers, other people’s property interrupting a view and the full spectrum of disfiguring lumps and bumps that may be evident on a subject.

Like a spotlight in a theatrical production, artists use chiaroscuro lighting to draw attention to critically important elements in a scene while shadow is used to make the remaining features less noticeable. For example, note how Valentine Green in his mezzotint, Frederica Charlotte Ulrica, Duchess of York and Albany (shown below and discussed in the earlier post, 18th century Photoshop) spotlights the duchess in her rich gown while casting the surrounding landscape in shadow. Compare this chiaroscuro treatment of the lighting with what would happen if the background were illuminated with the same level of intensity as the duchess, as shown in the digitally modified image further below. From my standpoint—and hopefully that of most viewers—the outcome of the experiment is that eye is lost as to what to look at as all the features in the image compete for attention.

Valentine Green (1739–1813)

Frederica, Duchess of York, 1793

After Sir Joshua Reynolds

Mezzotint on laid paper

63.4 x 38.8 cm

Digitally altered tones in Green’s Frederica, Duchess of York

Chiaroscuro lighting can also play an even more pivotal role in images based on a narrative. For example, Paul Delaroche’s famous—perhaps even iconic—The execution of Lady Jane Grey translated into the print, Jane Gray, by Paul Mercury [Mercuri] (shown below) is instantly understandable because of the lighting arrangement employed. Certainly the arrangement of the figures in the scene and their body language visually articulate the grisly fate in store for Lady Grey, but, as is demonstrated in the digital alterations to Green’s print above, the eye needs to be guided when looking for meaning. 

Paul Mercury [Mercuri] (1804–84)

Jane Gray (after Paul Delaroche [Hippolyte De La Roche] [1797–1856])

Line engraving and etching on heavy wove paper as published

Inscribed: “Peint par Paul De la Roche.” (lower right) ; Tiré de la Galerie du Prince Anatole Demidoff. “Jane Gray.” “Impriné  & Publié par GPUPIL & CIE le 1er Avril 1858 Paris_London” (lower centre); Gravé par P. Mercury (lower right)

28.8 x 35 cm (image); 43 x 48.5 cm (plate); 62.5 x 85.5 cm (sheet)

Condition: rare and superb impression on full sheet of paper as published. There is scattered foxing but the marks are light within the plate mark. There are significant water stains in the margins as well has minor handling tears and bumps well away from the plate marks and image. I am selling this print for $189 AUD including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. This is a very large print and will be shipped rolled in a tube. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page if you are interested or click the “Buy Now” button below.

This print has been sold

The principle of guiding the eye across an image is all about establishing a hierarchical order (i.e. a “pecking order”) in terms of which of the portrayed features should be looked at first, second and so forth. Clearly, Lady Grey is the main protagonist in this drama and, consequently, she is portrayed in so much light that she literally glows. Interestingly, in Paul Delaroche’s painting, The Execution of Lady Jane Grey (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Execution_of_Lady_Jane_Grey), the lighting is less of a glowing phenomenon and more of a shaft of light illuminating her. With regard to the other figures in the image, each is portrayed with progressively diminishing levels of illumination as shown in the details below. Interestingly, there is a formula for adjusting the degree of illumination away from a point source of light and this is explained in the earlier post Inverse-Square law.

Details of Mercury’s Jane Gray

Regarding how artists can use chiaroscuro lighting to express notions of time, in the sense of an immediate past, present and future, I wish to revisit the earlier post, Saints & Sinners. In that discussion I proposed the argument that because Occidental folk begin their reading of images from the left, the left side of images must always be “a moment ago” in a left-to-right reading and thus the left side signifies an immediate past. Conversely, using the same logic, the right side of an image must always be a moment of looking about to happen and thus it signifies the pending future.

Following a similar line of argument, the Western lighting convention, discussed in the previous two posts concerning shadows (Parts 1 and 2), is based on the “rule” that the left side of an image should be portrayed as well-lit whereas the right side should be portrayed as shadowed. In terms of connoting past, present and future, this convention functions in tandem with a left-to-right reading direction. In essence, the lighting convention enhances the notion that the imagery on the left—the immediate past—is observable and thus a part of our acquired memories while the imagery on the right— the pending future—is partly concealed by shadow and thus it is not fully comprehended.

An important approach to image making that marries the Occidental reading direction with the Western convention of lighting is the use of pictorial zones arranged as a transition from left to right in incremental stages across an image as outlined in the early post, Pictorial Transitions. This arrangement helps to articulate the idea of a transition in the viewer’s reading from left-to-right involving a shift from an “saturation” phase in perception on the left side through to a “prognostication” phase on the right side.

Like all theories, however, whether they are folly or fact is best examined by their effectiveness in practical application. To illustrate how an image may express the notion of a passage of time, I have selected Frank Brangwyn’s lithograph, The Mine (shown below), and I will leave the question as to whether it is successful in this mission to the reader.

In The Mine, strong light from the top-front-left—the Western lighting convention—illuminates a night scene inviting a viewer’s eye to negotiate meaning from the left to the right side of the image. This arrangement of lighting sets the scene for the reading discussed above from an “immediate past” to a “pending future.” Featured in the foreground is a bustling horde of mineworkers moving from the well-lit left side of the image—the past—on their way towards an undisclosed destiny—the future—through the shadowy right side. Augmenting this left-to-right reading are the pictorial zones (see attributes of each zone in the details below): “saturation”; “incubation”; “illumination”; and, “prognostication” (as explained in Pictorial Transitions). These pictorial zones visually articulate and mimic the notion of the artist’s developing perception of the scene—a compartmentalisation of how one’s perception may arise that was first proposed by Herman von Helmholtz (1821–94) and outlined by Betty Edwards in Drawing on the Artist Within (1986) (see pages 2–5) with a touch of minor meddling by the present author.

Sir Frank Brangwyn (1867–1956)

The Mine, 1903

Lithograph on dark tan wove paper

32.7 x 24.2 cm (sheet)

Condition: marvellous impression in virtually pristine condition. There is negligible residue of old hinging (verso top edge).

I am selling this print along for ...[deleted] including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page if you are interested or click the “Buy Now” button below.

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“Saturation” phase

“Incubation” phase

“Illumination” phase

“Prognostication” phase